Austempering, Heat Treating and Processing

Bainite vs Martensite – The Secret to Ultimate Toughness?

Thanks to Thomas Busch for becoming a Knife Steel Nerds Patreon supporter!

Misc. update: I have added a set of supporting micrographs to the introduction to Austenitizing steel

Tempered Martensite

To begin describing what bainite is it makes sense to start with martensite first. To form martensite we heat up the steel to high temperature to transform to a phase called austenite where we dissolve carbon in between the iron atoms (see Austenitizing Part 1), then quench the steel to lock in the carbon and form a hard phase called martensite (see What Makes Quenched Steel so Hard?). Following that we temper the martensite to allow some of the carbon out and increase the ductility of the martensite; the carbon comes out as very small carbides, a compound of iron and carbon (see What Happens During Tempering?). In the article on martensite formation I shared the following YouTube video to see the formation of the martensite laths: read more

Heat Treating and Processing, History - Articles - Books, Metallurgy Principles, Reviews

Review – Kevin Cashen’s Guide to 1080 & 1084

Thanks to Edward Braun, Mark Reich, and Alex Kaplan for becoming Knife Steel Nerds Patreon supporters!

Misc. updates: I added some toughness numbers that I had previously been unable to track down comparing 440C and 154CM to the 154CM article. I also added a summary of a very interesting new journal article about the effect of grain size on steel toughness to the Grain Refinement article.   read more

Heat Treating and Processing, Steels, Tempering, Toughness

Toughness testing – Cru-Wear, Z-Wear, Upper vs Lower temper, Cryo vs No Cryo

Thanks to Paul Hart and James Covington for becoming Knife Steel Nerds Patreon supporters!

I recently completed some toughness tests on samples that were heat treated by knifemaker Warren Krywko. The steel was donated by Chuck Bybee of Alpha Knife Supply. The samples are subsize unnotched charpy specimens with dimensions as specified on the bottom of this page: http://knifesteelnerds.com/how-you-can-help/ If we can get more people to make toughness specimens we can have more comparisons between steels, hardness points, heat treatment parameters, etc. Patreon dollars are for the purpose of paying for machining, shipping, testing, etc. for tests like toughness and CATRA edge retention, so if you are able to contribute that way please visit the Knife Steel Nerds Patreon page.  read more

Metallurgy Principles, Quenching

What Makes Quenched Steel so Hard?

Update: I have started a Patreon page to fund research projects which you can read about here – http://knifesteelnerds.com/how-you-can-help/

To harden steel you heat it up to high temperature to form a phase called austenite, followed by rapid quenching to make a very strong phase called martensite. Hardness is a measure of strength. I covered the process of austenite formation in the following post: Austenitizing Part 1. To summarize that post: read more

Annealing, Austenitizing, Forging, Heat Treating and Processing, Steel and Knife Properties, Steels, Tempering, Toughness

Cru Forge V – Toughness testing, Processing, and Background

Cru Forge V was developed by Crucible for those who forge their steel for knives [1]. It was developed shortly before Crucible’s bankruptcy and is reported to have been tested with the help of knifemakers Howard Clark and Dan Farr and that the code name prior to its official name was 1086V [2]. The steel is not listed anywhere on Crucible’s website and does not appear to be in production any longer, but as of March 2018 is still available from some third party steel sellers [3][4][5]. The steel has the following composition [1]: read more

Austenitizing, Heat Treating and Processing

Austenitizing Part 3 – Multi-Step Austenitizing

There are many modifications to a straight high temperature austenitize for a given hold time followed by quenching. I am covering a few of them in this article.

Preheating

Preheating is performed to minimize size change, distortion, and cracking during heat treatment. Often a single preheating is recommended, but for some grades two preheating temperatures are recommended. For example, the Vanadis 4 Extra datasheet recommends a first preheat temperature of 600-650°C and a second of 850-900°C, such as in the following schematic [1]: read more